- (The Song of Roland) (c. 1100)
- (The Nibelungenlied) (c. 1200)
- St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
- (The Saga of Burnt Njal) (13th century)
- Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
- Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
- Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
- Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1469-1536)
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
- Sir Thomas More (c. 1478-1535)
- Martin Luther (1483-1546)
- François Rabelais (c. 1495-1553)
- John Calvin (1509-1564)
- Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
- William Gilbert (1544-1603)
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
- Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
- William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
- William Harvey (1578-1657)
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
- René Descartes (1596-1650)
